SPINAL CORD INJURY

A spinal cord injury is a damage to any part of the spinal cord or nerves at the end of the spinal canal, often causes permanent changes in strength, sensation, and other body functions below the site of injury. The severely of the injury is often called the completeness and is classified as either
Compelete - all sensory and motor function are lost below the spinal cord injury.
Incomplete – If some motor or sensory function below the affected are present then it is incomplete.
Additionally, paralysis from a spinal cord injury may be referred to as tetraplegia or quadriplegia (arms, hands, trunk, legs and pelvic organs are all affected by your spinal cord injury) and paraplegia (paralysis affects all or part of the trunk, legs and pelvic organs)

STROKE

Brain cell function requires a constant delivery of oxygen and glucose from the blood stream. Stroke happen when blood flow to the brain strops. In other words stroke is caused due to cerebrovascular accidents. It is caused due to various reasons such as hemorrhage, infraction, thrombosis, embolism etc.

SPINAL CORD COMPRESSION

This develops when the spinal cord is compressed by bone fragments from a vertebral fracture, a tumor, abscess, ruptured intervertebral disc or other lesion. Various lesions can compress the spinal cord, causing segmental sensory, motor, reflex and sphinder deficits.

Causes: Acute compression: develops within minutes to hours. If is often due to trauma, disc herniation, metastatic tumor, vertebral dislocation etc.
Sub-acute compression: develops over days to week, It is usually caused by a metastatic extra medullary tumor, a subdural or epidural abscess or hematoma or a cervical or rarely thoracic herniated disk.
Chronic compression: caused by bony protrusions into the cervical, thoracic or lumbar spinal canal.

CEREBRAL PALSY

Cerebral palsy is a poor muscle control, spastically, paralysis and other neurological problems resulting from brain injury before, during or shortly after birth.
This is not a disease it is a constellation of symptoms that result from damage to the parts of the brain that control muscle movements. Sometimes children with cerebral palsy have damage to other parts of the brain as well. The brain damage that results in cerebral palsy may occur during pregnancy, during birth, after birth or in early childhood. Brain damage occurring after the age of five is not considered as cerebral palsy.

Causes: Injuries, Abnormal of the brain, Prenatal infections, High levels of bilirubin in the blood can lead to a form of brain damage called kernicterus, Serve illness such as inflammation of the tissue during the first years of life.

PARKINSON’S DISEASE

This is a degenerative disorder of the central nervous system that often impairs the sufferer’s motor skills, speech and other functions. It is characterized by muscle rigidity, tumor, a slowing of physical movement (bradykinesia), a loss of physical movement (akinesia) in extreme cases and also dementia, mask like face expression.
Causes: The exact cause of Parkinson’s disease is unknown but several factors appear to play a role including A Lack of dopamine Low norepinephrine levels The presence of heavy bodies( unusual protein clumps)

SCIATICA

It is a low back pain combined with a pain through the buttock and down on leg. The leg pain usually goes past the knee and may go father to the foot. Sometimes weakness in the leg muscles occurs with sciatic. It is caused by injury or compression of the sciatic nerve
Causes:Piriformis syndrome, Slipped disc, Degenerative disc disease, Spinal stenosis, Pelvic injury or fracture, Tumors, Sciatica pain can vary widely. It may like a mild lengling , dull ache or a burning sensation.
In some cases pain is severe enough to make a person unable to move.

GULLIAN-BARRE SYNDROME

Acute inflammatory demyelinating poly neuropathy is a form of polyneuropathy that causes one episode of increasing muscle weakness. The episode last 8 weeks of less. This is a rare disorder in which body’s immune system attacks the myelin sheath which surrounds the axon of many nerves and enables nerve impulses to travel quickly. Weakness and tingling sensation in the extremities are the first symptoms. Occasionally symptoms begin in the arms in head and progress download. The syndrome can worsen rapidly and impair the muscles involved in breathing. If the disorder is very severe internal functions controlled by the autonomic nervous system may be impaired.

NEUROMUSCULAR DISORDERS

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
It is a progressive, degenerative, chronic, autoimmune disease affecting the nerve fibers in the central nervous system. It causes damage to the myelin sheath surrounding the nerve fibers either partially or completely leaving scars known as lesions or plaques. Damage to the myelin sheath causes disruption of messages, not distorting the messages or the message not passing through at all.
Types: Benign multiple sclerosis: small number of mild attacks followed by complete recovery. Primary progressive multiple sclerosis: symptoms gradually develop and worsen over a period of time
Relapsing remitting type : In this type a patient has flare ups of symptoms followed by periods of recovery which are unpredictable and with unclear causes. The relapses and remissions can last for days, weeks or months and vary from mild to severe Secondary progressive multiple sclerosis: The disability does not fade away after a relapse, but progressively worsens between attacks or cycle of attacks followed by remission and is replaced by a steady progression of disability.

MOTOR NEURON DISEASE

It is a group of neurological disorders that selectively affect motor neurons the cells that control voluntary muscle activity including speaking, walking, breathing, swallowing and general movements of the body.

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Also called Lou Gehrig’s disease is a progressive, ultimately fatal disorder that eventually disrupts signals to all voluntary muscles. People with ALS also develop weakness and wasting of the bulbar muscles. Symptoms are usually noticed first in the arms and hands, legs or swallowing muscles.
Primary Lateral Sclerosis: It occurs when specific nerve cells in the cerebral cortex that control voluntary movement gradually degenerative, causing the muscles under their control to weaken. This disorder is not fatal but may affect quality of life.
Progressive Muscular atrophy: Slow but progressive degeneration of only the lower motor neurons. Weakness is typically seen first on the hands and then speeds into the lower body where it can be severe.

MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY

Muscular dystrophy is a group of disorders that involve muscle weakness and loss of muscle tissue, when get worse over time. They may occur in childhood or adulthood.
Types: Becker muscle dystrophy, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Facioscapulo humeral muscular dystrophy, Limb girdle muscular dystrophy, Myotonia congenital, Myotonic dystrophy, Emery dreifuss dystrophy
Muscular dystrophy can affect adults, but the more severe from tend to occur in early childhood. Symptoms depend on the different types of muscular dystrophy, but all the muscles or only specific groups of muscles may be affected, such as those around the pelvis, shoulder or face; delayed development of muscles motor skills, progressive muscle wasting, drooling, ptosis(eyelid drooping), frequent falls, loss in muscle size, delayed walking, waddling gait result in poor balance, call deformation respiratory difficulty, etc. Some types of muscle dystrophy can affect the heart, causing cardiomyopathy or arrhythmias.

PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY

It refers to a problem with the peripheral numbness and pain usually in your hands and feet but it may occur in other areas of the body also peripheral neuropathy can result from problems such as traumatic injuries, infections, metabolic problems and exposure to toxins. One of the most common cause is diabetes.
It can affect arrange of different nerves, so it can impact a variety of locations in different ways. It can affect a single nerve or several nerves at the same time. It is also associated with a number of different underlying medical conditions but sometimes there is no identifiable cause.

SPINAL MUSCULAR ATROPHY (SMA)

It is a hereditary disease affecting the lower motor neurons. Weakness and wasting of the skeletal muscles is caused by progressive degeneration of the anterior is often more severe in the legs than in the arms.

SMA type-I(Werdnig-Hoffmann disease) evident by the time a child is 6 months old.

Symptoms may include – Hypotonia(severely reduced muscle tone), diminished limb movements, lack of tendon reflexes, fasciculation’s, tremors, swallowing and feeding difficulties, impaired breathing, also develop scoliosis or other skeletal abnormalities in some children.

SMA type –II Usually begin after the child is 6 months of age.

Symptoms may include inability to stand or walk, respiratory problems, hypotonia, decreased or absent tendon reflexes. These children may learn to sit but do not stand, life expectancy varies, and some individuals live into adolescence or later.

SMA type-III(Kugel berg-wel ander disease)

Symptoms include abnormal gait, difficulty running, climbing steps or rising from a chair, fine tremors of the fingers the lower extremities are most often affected.

Kennedy disease also known is progressive spinobulbar atrophy.

It is an X-linked recessive disease, onset occurs between 15 and 60 years of age. Symptoms include weakness of the facial and tongue muscles, hand tremors, muscle cramps, dysphagia and dysarthria, excessive development of male breasts and mammary glands.

SPINE RELATED

It is an inflammatory disease that can cause some of the vertebrae in your spine to fuse together. This fusing makes the spine less flexible and can result in a hunched forward posture. If ribs are affected, it may be difficult to breathe deeply. It affects men more often than women. Signs and symptoms of this condition typically begin in early adulthood.
The early signs and symptoms of ankylosing spondylitis may include pain and stiffness in the lower back, and hips, especially in the morning and after periods of inactivity over time, symptoms may worson, improve or stop completely at irregular intervals.
Areas most commonly affected: Front between the base of spine and pelvis, vertebrae in the lower back, places where the tendons and ligaments attach to bones, mainly in the spine but sometimes along the back of the heel, the cartilage between breastbone and ribs, hip and shoulder joints.

SPONDYLOSIS

It is a type of arthritis spurred by wear and tear to the spine, it is common and worsen with age. It happens when disc and joints degenerate, when bone spurs grow on the vertebrae or both, these changes can impair the spines movements and affect nerves and other functions.
Spondylosis is common, but it is not usually serious, many who have it experience no pain, through it can be painful for some. It can affect any region of the spine including.
Cervical - neck
Thoracic - upper, mid - back
Lumbar - low back
Lumbo sacral - lowback/sacrum

HERNIATED DISC

A herniated disc refers to a problem with one of the rubbery cushions(disc) between the individual bones(vertebrae) that stuck up to make the spine. A spinal disc is a little like a jelly donut, with softer center encased within a togher exterior. Sometimes called a slipped disc or a ruptured disc, a herniated disc occurs when some of the softer jelly pushes out through a crack in the tougher exterior.
Herniated disc can irritate nearby nerves and result in pain, numbers or weakness in an arm or leg. The most common signs and symptoms.
Arm or leg pain
Numbers or tingling
Weakness

NECK PAIN

Neck pain is a common complaint, neck muscles can be strained from poor posture and also is a common cause by worn joint, nerve compression, muscle, strains, diseases, injuries etc.
Symptoms include: Pin that’s often worsened by holding your head in one place for long periods.
Muscle tightness and spasms
Decreased ability to move your head
Headache

BACK PAIN

Back pain is a common complaint, most common reasons people go to the doctor or miss work. Back pain can result from injury, activity and some medical conditions. It can affect people of any age. As people get older the chance of developing low back pain increases, it may be because of previous occupation and degenerated disk diseases.
Back pain can range from a muscle aching to a shooting burning or stabbing sensation. In addition, the pain may radiate down to your leg or worsen with bending, twisting, lifting, standing or walking, inability to stand straight.

OSTEOPOROSIS

It causes bone to become weak and brittle, so brittle that a fall or even mild stress like bending over or coughing can cause fracture. Osteoporosis related fractures most commonly occur in the hip, wrist or spine.
Osteoporosis affect men and women of all races which occurs when the creation of new bone doesn’t keep up with the removal of old bone
Symptoms include: Back pain caused by fractured or collapsed vertebra, A stooped posture, Increased risk of a broken bone, Loss of height, Shortness of breath

DEVELOPMENTAL DELAY DISORDERS

Autism is a developmental disorder of neuropathy characterized by impaired social interaction and communication and by restricted and repetitive behavior before a child is three years old. If affects information processing in the brain by altering how this occur is not well understood. Autism affects boys 3-4 times more often than girls.
The specific cause of autism is not exactly known although it is clearly a biologically determined disorder. Several chromosomal abnormalities, such as fragile X.syndrome contribute to the development of autism. Prenatal infections like viral infections such as rubella or cytomegalovirus may also play a role.
Symptoms: Autistics children develop symptoms in at least the of the following areas, Social relationship, Languages, , Behaviour and sometimes intelligence
Symptoms range from mild to severe and often keep children from functioning independently in school or society. In addition about 20% to 40% of autistic children, particularly those with an intelligent quotient (IQ) less than 50%, develop seizures before reaching adolescence

CEREBRAL PALSY

Cerebral palsy is a poor muscle control, spastically, paralysis and other neurological problems resulting from brain injury before, during or shortly after birth.
This is not a disease it is a constellation of symptoms that result from damage to the parts of the brain that control muscle movements. Sometimes children with cerebral palsy have damage to other parts of the brain as well. The brain damage that results in cerebral palsy may occur during pregnancy, during birth, after birth or in early childhood. Brain damage occurring after the age of five is not considered as cerebral palsy.

MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY

Muscular dystrophy is a group of disorders that involve muscle weakness and loss of muscle tissue, when get worse over time. They may occur in childhood or adulthood.
Types: Becker muscle dystrophy, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Facioscapulo humeral muscular dystrophy, Limb girdle muscular dystrophy, Myotonia congenital, Myotonic dystrophy, Emery due fess muscular dystrophy
Muscular dystrophy can affect adults, but the more severe from tend to occur in early childhood. Symptoms depend on the different types of muscular dystrophy, but all the muscles or only specific groups of muscles may be affected, such as those around the pelvis, shoulder or face; delayed development of muscles motor skills, progressive muscle wasting, drooling, ptosis(eyelid drooping), frequent falls, loss in muscle size, delayed walking, waddling gait result in poor balance, call deformation respiratory difficulty, etc. Some types of muscle dystrophy can affect the heart, causing cardiomyopathy or arrhythmias.

ATTENTION-DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER

If is a chronic condition that affects millions of children and often persists in to adulthood. ADHD includes a combination of problems, such as difficulty sustaining attention, hyperactively and impulsive behaviour . Children with ADHD also may struggles with low self esteem, troubled relationships and poor performance in schools.
Multiple factors have been implicated in the development of ADHD. It can run in families and studies indicate that genes may play a role. Certain environmental factors also may increase risk, as can problems with the central nervous systems at key moments in development.
Signs and Symptoms: Difficulty paying attention, Frequent daydreaming, Difficulty following through on instruction and apparently not listening, Frequently has problems organizing tasks or activities, Early distracted, Frequently fidgets or squirms etc.
ADHD occur more often in males than in females and behaviours can be different in boys and girls. For examples, boys may be more hyperactive and girls may tend to be quietly inattentive.